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Article by Peter Riegert

Awareness of hazards

Don’t D-I-Y (do it yourself) electrical work

Doing your own electrical work, or employing an unlicensed person to do it for you, is very dangerous. You and your family risk electrocution or fire.

It is also illegal for an unlicensed person to carry out electrical work, including modifications to fixed wiring.Switches, power points and light fittings

Damaged switches, power points and light fittings are dangerous, and must be replaced. However, you should never replace fittings and switches yourself. Use a licensed electrical contractor to replace them. When painting, never remove switches or fittings. Even when the switch is off, there are still lethal live wires connected. Use masking tape to keep paint off fittings and switches.

Working in the roof space

A roof space can be a very dangerous area. Before you enter a roof space, switch off the electricity at the main switch.

If you are working in the roof space:

• Use a torch to light the work areas. • Do not disturb or alter any electrical junction boxes. • Keep thermal insulation away from light fittings. • If you see any damaged or bare wires, call your licensed electrical contractor immediately.

Fuses, circuit breakers and safety switches

Fuses or circuit breakers are found in the meter boxes of all homes, and provide protection for the wiring in your home. Always be extremely careful when replacing fuses or resetting circuit breakers.

Safety switches, which may be installed in your meter box, are designed to protect you from electrocution. Safety switches turn off the electricity very quickly if an earth leakage or fault is detected, for example, if you contact a live wire. Safety switches may also prevent fires, by stopping current leaking directly to earth when a fault occurs.

Energy Safety highly recommends safety switches for this additional level of safety.Even though a safety switch offers excellent protection from electrocution, if you have one installed, you must be very careful with any form of electricity in your home. Contact a licensed electrical contractor for more information.

Power cords and extension cords

Damaged and wrongly connected cords and plugs are dangerous. Although it is legal to connect your own plugs to flexible cords, a faulty connection can kill. Ready-made extension cords will be safer, and may even be cheaper. For appliance cords, see your local service agent.

Appliances

It is very dangerous to repair any kind of appliance yourself. Faulty repairs may be lethal for you or the next person who uses the appliance. Contact a licensed electrical contractor or a service agent.

Always use a licensed electrical contractor

Always use a licensed electrical contractor to carry out electrical work.

Licensed electrical contractors have been expertly trained and will guarantee the quality of their work.It is also a legal requirement that electrical work may only be carried out by a person with the relevant electrical licence.

To confirm that electrical contractors are licensed, check that licence numbers are displayed on their vehicles and stationery.

People generally are aware that electricity can be dangerous. However, many people still take extraordinary risks that can lead to harm. Most of these cases seem to be over-familiarity, so reminders of the need to use electricity safely are constantly required.

Avoid hazards

Keep appliances away from known hazards, such as keeping electricity away from water.

Follow ‘how-to-use’ instructions

Appliance manufacturers are required to provide ‘how-to-use’ instructions with their products. Always check that the instructions are provided and always read and follow the instructions before using the appliance.

Maintain appliances

While electricity appliances are very reliable, they do need to be maintained to ensure they remain safe. Read and follow the maintenance requirements provided by the manufacturer of the appliance. Some instructions are simple, such as cleaning the appliance. Others may require a licensed skilled technician to carry out the work.

Article by Er. Swapneel Patel

Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism. The field first became an identifiable occupation in the late nineteenth century after commercialization of the electric telegraph and electrical power supply. It now covers a range of subtopics including Power sector, Machines, Electronics, Control systems, Signal processing & Telecommunications, Instrumentation and Automation.

Sub-disciplines

Electrical engineering has many sub-disciplines, the most popular of which are listed below. Although there are electrical engineers who focus exclusively on one of these sub-disciplines, many deal with a combination of them.

Power

Power engineering deals with the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity as well as the design of a range of related devices. These include transformers, electric generators, electric motors, high voltage engineering and power electronics. In many regions of the world, governments maintain an electrical network called a power grid that connects a variety of generators together with users of their energy. Users purchase electrical energy from the grid, avoiding the costly exercise of having to generate their own.

Electrical Machines

An Electrical machine is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy or vice versa, and changes AC voltage from one level to another level.Electrical machines are divided into three parts: Generator, Motor and Transformer.

Control

Control engineering focuses on the modeling of a diverse range of dynamic systems and the design of controllers that will cause these systems to behave in the desired manner. To implement such controllers electrical engineers may use electrical circuits, digital signal processors, microcontrollers and PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers). Control engineering has a wide range of applications from the flight and propulsion systems of commercial airliners to the cruise control present in many modern automobiles. It also plays an important role in industrial automation.

Electronics

Electronic engineering involves the design and testing of electronic circuits that use the properties of components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes and transistors to achieve a particular functionality.

Microelectronics

Microelectronics engineering deals with the design and microfabrication of very small electronic circuit components for use in an integrated circuit or sometimes for use on their own as a general electronic component. The most common microelectronic components are semiconductor transistors, although all main electronic components (resistors, capacitors, inductors) can be created at a microscopic level. Nanoelectronics is the further scaling of devices down to nanometer levels.

Signal processing

Signal processing deals with the analysis and manipulation of signals. Signals can be either analog, in which case the signal varies continuously according to the information, or digital, in which case the signal varies according to a series of discrete values representing the information. For analog signals, signal processing may involve the amplification and filtering of audio signals for audio equipment or the modulation and demodulation of signals for telecommunications. For digital signals, signal processing may involve the compression, error detection and error correction of digitally sampled signals.

Telecommunications

Telecommunications engineering focuses on the transmission of information across a channel such as a coax cable, optical fiber or free space. Transmissions across free space require information to be encoded in a carrier wave in order to shift the information to a carrier frequency suitable for transmission, this is known as modulation. Popular analog modulation techniques include amplitude modulation and frequency modulation. The choice of modulation affects the cost and performance of a system and these two factors must be balanced carefully by the engineer.

Instrumentation

Instrumentation engineering deals with the design of devices to measure physical quantities such as pressure, flow and temperature. The design of such instrumentation requires a good understanding of physics that often extends beyond electromagnetic theory. For example, radar guns use the Doppler effect to measure the speed of oncoming vehicles. Similarly, thermocouples use the Peltier-Seebeck effect to measure the temperature difference between two points. Often instrumentation is not used by itself, but instead as the sensors of larger electrical systems. For example, a thermocouple might be used to help ensure a furnace’s temperature remains constant. For this reason, instrumentation engineering is often viewed as the counterpart of control engineering.

Automation

Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies reducing the need for human intervention.[1] In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly reduces the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience.

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Article by jekky

No ground or grounded is not reliable the aging cable lines power outlet connection is bad the zero line firing line access is not correct Chinese urban household electricity environment the proportion of non compliance as high as 75 9 Among them no ground wire and grounding are not reliable has become the most common problems unsafe electrical environment has become a Chinese Families in a time bomb br br Early as 2006 the China Consumer Association to the nation issued a consumer alert to consumers to draw attention to the safety of household electricity environment Electricity caused by the tragic situation is bad is not a simple product or industry issues has actually risen to a serious social problem In February of this year China Association of home appliance repair problems on the safe use of electricity delivered a speech entitled quot br br Home Appliances Use knowledge Adoption safe use of electricity quot an article detailing the safe use of electricity to remind consumers of specific rules now again to the consumers in the Consumers Association issued a sincere appeal Please attached great importance to environmental problems of residential electricity consumption not to let accidents Tragedy renewable br br Use of household electrical power accidents have repeatedly occurred in environmental safety should be carefully br Unsafe environment will power household appliances by quot criminals quot will make all qualified to become conductor of household electrical appliances a security risk to the family br br Cooker Microwave ovens TV Machine Air conditioning Machine fire explosion accidents have occurred there br Washing machine Water Heater Leakage accident occurred Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Senior Professor Feng Songyun has pointed out that now the total number of electrical fires account for 28 of the fires around and these often caused by poor contact caused electrical interface power connection so use good quality power outlet ensure the electricity environment The security is very important br br Substandard residential electricity over Qicheng environmental concern br In fact the family 39 s electricity consumption in China is very serious environmental problems the end of 2005 China Consumer Association National Standards Commission the appliance Institute of the Chinese Consumer Electronics Association released a Chinese household electricity environmental survey the survey included ground is good water is charged FireWire zero line is wrong then so 11 Survey of Chinese urban households the proportion of substandard electrical environment as high as 75 9 Chinese urban household electricity environment shocking No ground wire and grounding has become the most common questions are not reliable br br With the increase of service life of buildings the family line aging the line installed the family of zero line line of fire earth location does not meet the national requirements home power lines and switches and sockets irrational family kitchen facilities electricity No proof waterproof set unsafe electrical environment has become a time bomb in households Copper Association according to several cities in the country 39 s survey results show that the same power consumption the result of our residential electrical wiring and unreasonable and lead to electrocution deaths in developed countries several times or even hundred times br br Qualified electrical environment standard use of qualified products Security br China Consumer Association said the Deputy Secretary General Wu Gaohan like the safe use of household appliances three elements are essential a qualified electrical environment qualified products and norms in use br br First consumers should attach great importance to household electricity environment check whether the family qualified electrical environment other than to invite the relevant professionals in professional ground zero line line of fire detection etc the self selection of the cable sockets meter and other aspects are subject to vigilant to ensure the safety of electrical environment br br Secondly we must select the qualified electrical products select the trusted appliance brand General domestic Chinese brand in China famous trademark or brand are all excellent quality and reliable br br Third need to regulate use of the product It is noteworthy that any electrical product its service life and routine maintenance with the safe use of all have a very close relationship Such as electricity br br Water heater br Life should not exceed 8 years If more than a water heater life span also continue to use there will be some security risks hoping that consumers attention and timely replacement of electrical appliances